These massive computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Slow, expensive, and power-hungry — but a breakthrough for their time.

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. This era saw the birth of programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.

Integrated circuits packed more power into smaller spaces, enabling faster processing and lower costs. Computers became accessible to more businesses.

The invention of microprocessors brought personal computers to homes and offices. The era of PCs, laptops, and early internet began here.

Today’s computers harness artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum technology — opening doors to automation, deep learning, and unimaginable speeds.